ABSTRACT
Results:
When we retrospectively examined the data of 31 patients, 21 were male, and 10 were female. The mean age of male patients was 36, while the mean age of female patients was 30.9. Among the patients, 19% were classified as Hurley stage 1, 29% as Hurley stage 2, and 51% as Hurley stage 3. The smoking rates were 50% in Hurley stage 1, 55% in Hurley stage 2, and 62% in Hurley stage 3. When comparing BMI, the mean BMI was 26.16 kg/m2 in Hurley stage 1, 27.66 kg/m2 in Hurley stage 2, and 31.25 kg/m2 in Hurley stage 3. In terms of treatment, 66% of Hurley stage 1 patients received systemic antibiotic treatment, while all patients in Hurley stage 2 and 3 received systemic antibiotic therapy. None of the Hurley stage 1 patients used adalimumab, while the rate of adalimumab use was 33% in Hurley stage 2 and 42% in Hurley stage 3.
Conclusion:
When examining the patients who presented to our clinic, it was observed that HS disease is more prevalent among men, smokers, and individuals with a higher BMI. However, further studies with larger patient cohorts are still necessary to validate these findings.
Materials and Methods:
This study aimed to evaluate the factors that contribute to the development of HS and the treatments administered based on the Hurley stages. The purpose was to assess the factors associated with an increased risk of HS and examine the treatment approaches specific to each Hurley stage. Between the years 2018 and 2022, a retrospective evaluation was conducted on a total of 31 patients who were followed in our HS outpatient clinic at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine. The evaluation focused on gender distribution, smoking rates, BMI, and the treatments received, categorized according to the Hurley stages.
Background:
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a prevalence ranging from less than 1% to 4% in the population. The disease affects the apocrine glands and is poorly understood. HS lesions are typically found in intertriginous areas. Genetic and environmental factors, such as high body mass index (BMI) and smoking, are believed to contribute to lesion development. The lesions are classified into three Hurley stages, and treatment varies according to the stage of the disease.
Introduction
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease with a prevalence ranging from less than 1% to 4% in the population [1,2]. Numerous studies have reported a higher prevalence of HS in women compared to men [3,4,5]. It is predominantly observed in individuals in their second and third decades of life [3,4,5]. HS affects the apocrine glands, and its etiology is believed to involve follicular occlusion, although it remains poorly understood [6]. The disease commonly manifests in intertriginous areas such as the axilla, inguinal, inframammary, perianal, and perineal regions, and less frequently in the scrotum, vulva, pubic area, and abdomen [7]. Lesions associated with HS may cause pain, discharge, and malodor, which can have significant psychosocial impacts on patients [8]. Typical HS lesions include nodules, abscesses, fistulas, skin tunnels, comedones, and scars [8,9]. HS lesions are classified into three Hurley stages [10,11]. Hurley stage 1 is characterized by the development of abscesses without scar or tunnel formation, while Hurley stage 2 involves abscesses frequently accompanied by tunnels and scars. Hurley stage 3 is characterized by diffuse involvement [10,11]. Genetic factors, as well as physical factors such as friction and pressure, are believed to contribute to lesion development [12,13,14,15]. Research has shown that HS is more prevalent in individuals with a high body mass index (BMI) and in smokers [16,17]. The management and treatment of HS patients vary according to the Hurley stage.
Materials and Methods
This retrospective study included patients who were diagnosed with HS and presented to the HS follow-up Clinic at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine between January 1, 2018, and June 15, 2022.
Statistical Analysis
The registered data of the patients in the HS clinic were retrospectively analyzed. Patient characteristics such as age, gender, Hurley stages, smoking status corresponding to these stages, treatments received, and BMI were assessed retrospectively.
The approval of Istanbul Univeristy-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee was taken before initiating the study (number: E-83045809-604.01.01-649573, date: 21.03.2023).
Results
In this study, 31 patients diagnosed with HS whose data were accessible followed at HS clinic between 2018 and 2022 were included. Of the total 31 patients included in the study, 21 were male (67.74%) and 10 were female (32.25%). The mean age of male patients included in the study was 36, while the mean age of female patients was 30.9. At the time of diagnosis, 19.35% of all patients included in the study were Hurley stage 1, 29.03% were Hurley stage 2, and 51.61% were Hurley stage 3. The patients we followed in our HS outpatient clinic were predominantly hurley stage 3. Of the Hurley stage 1 patients, 50% had a history of smoking, while 55.55% of Hurley stage 2 patients and 62.5% of Hurley stage 3 patients had a smoking history. The mean BMI was 26.16 kg/m2 for Hurley stage 1 patients, 27.66 kg/m2 for Hurley stage 2 patients, and 31.25 kg/m2 for hurley stage 3 patients. The smoking rates and BMI of the patients included in the study according to hurley stages are shown in Table 1. While 66% of Hurley stage 1 patients had a history of using systemic antibiotics, all Hurley stage 2 and 3 patients had a history of systemic antibiotic use. None of the Hurley stage 1 patients had a history of using adalimumab, whereas the rate of adalimumab use was 33.33% in Hurley stage 2 and 43.75% in Hurley stage 3. The treatments received by the patients are shown in Table 2.
Discussion
According to research and studies, factors contributing to the pathogenesis of HS and the reasons for its increased incidence have been identified. A study conducted in the United Kingdom, which included undiagnosed patients, reported an incidence rate of 0.77 [18]. Studies conducted in North America and Europe have shown that HS is more common in women [19,20,21]. In a study conducted in France, it was found that the incidence of HS disease in women was approximately 3.6 times higher than in men [22]. However, in our clinic, we observed a higher incidence in men than in women among the patients who sought medical care. Similarly, another study conducted in Korea found a higher incidence rate of HS in men [23]. The difference in HS incidence rates between genders among European and Asian countries is associated with smoking habits [24]. In our study, the number of male smokers was higher than that of female smokers (55.5% male, 44.5% female).
Studies have observed a positive correlation between smoking and the development of HS. Patients with HS were found to smoke or have a smoking history at the time of diagnosis [25]. A retrospective study conducted in the United States found a higher incidence rate of HS in smokers compared to non-smokers [26]. Nicotine and other tobacco components have been identified as potential contributing factors to follicular occlusion, neutrophil chemotaxis, TNF-alpha production by keratinocytes, and stimulatory effects on Th17 cells [27,28]. In our study, the number of smokers and non-smokers was equal in Hurley stage 1, but the ratio of smokers to non-smokers was higher in Hurley stages 2 and 3. Furthermore, some studies have shown that a smoking history increases disease severity [29,30]. A multicenter study conducted in Turkey and published in 2021 revealed that the incidence rate in men is higher than in women and that it leads to more severe disease in smokers [31]. In our study, the highest proportion of heavy smokers was observed in Hurley stage 3, and we observed that smoking increases disease severity.
The relationship between HS and BMI has been investigated in numerous studies. Although the results are conflicting, many studies have found a positive correlation between HS and BMI [32]. Our study also yielded similar results. The average BMI of Hurley stage 1 patients was 26.16 kg/m2, stage 2 patients had 27.66 kg/m2, and stage 3 patients had 31.25 kg/m2. BMI was found to be above the normal range in all stages, and the average BMI increased with higher stages. Our study also supports the positive correlation between HS and BMI. However, it is important to note that both factors are influenced by many other factors, and the causes of HS are still not fully understood.
When the data of the patients followed in our hospital’s HS clinic were examined according to Hurley stages and the treatments administered, it was observed that 66% of Hurley stage 1 patients received systemic antibiotic treatment, while all patients in Hurley stages 2 and 3 were treated with systemic antibiotics. In a study of 154 patients who did not respond to oral antibiotic therapy, the efficacy of adalimumab treatment was evaluated. The study included patients with moderate and severe HS. The results showed that patients with high BMI had more severe HS symptoms, and adalimumab treatment resulted in better outcomes for these patients [33].
More studies with larger sample sizes are needed to obtain clearer data on HS.
Study Limitations
The main limitation of our study is being a retrospective study that was conducted from a single center with a limited patient number.
Conclusion
It is important to conduct a thorough physical examination and gather a detailed medical history when patients with a diagnosis of HS seek care at the outpatient clinic. HS is a disease that has a higher prevalence in individuals who are obese and smoke. Our study yielded similar results, however, further research with a larger sample size is necessary to enhance our understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of patients and to establish appropriate treatment strategies.
